Skip to main content
  • Table of Contents

  • Menu
  • Table of Contents
    • 100. Pretrial
      • Charging Process
        • 101. Jurisdiction
          • 101.1 –
            Jurisdiction: Territorial, Personal, & Subject Matter
          • 101.2 –
            Challenges to Jurisdiction
          • 101.3 –
            Jurisdiction of Officers and Judicial Officials
        • 102. Venue
          • 102.1 –
            Rules for Determining Venue
          • 102.2 –
            Challenges and Motions to Change Venue
        • 103. Criminal Pleadings
          • 103.1 –
            Types of Criminal Pleadings
          • 103.2 –
            Common Pleading Defects
          • 103.3 –
            Larceny and RDO Pleading Defects
          • 103.4 –
            Amending, Replacing or Recharging
        • 104. Double Jeopardy
          • 104.1 –
            Summary of the Law
          • 104.2 –
            Punishment
          • 104.3 –
            Mistrial, Retrial and Appeal
          • 104.4 –
            Collateral Estoppel
          • 104.5 –
            Ex Post Facto
        • 105. Selective Prosecution
        • 106. Grand Jury Proceedings
        • 107. Victims' Rights
      • Early Stages
        • 110. Initial Appearance/First Appearance
          • 110.1 –
            Overview and Summary
          • 110.2 –
            Suggested Procedures
        • 111. Right to Counsel
          • 111.1 –
            Overview
          • 111.2 –
            Suggestions for Handling Indigent Cases
          • 111.3 –
            When Right to Counsel Applies
          • 111.4 –
            Determining Indigency
          • 111.5 –
            Experts/Resources for Indigent Defendants
          • 111.6 –
            Limitations on the Right to Counsel
          • 111.7 –
            Waiver/Forfeiture of Right to Counsel
        • 112. Pretrial Release
          • 112.1 –
            Eligibility and Conditions
          • 112.2 –
            Modification and Revocation
        • 113. Communicable Diseases
          • 113.1 –
            Detaining and Testing Defendants
          • 113.2 –
            Prosecuting Violations
        • 114. Extradition
          • 114.1 –
            Overview and Process
          • 114.2 –
            Interstate Compact and Detainers
          • 114.3 –
            Common Issues and Questions
        • 115. Calendaring and Docketing Duties
        • 116. Private Prosecutors
        • 117. Arraignment
          • 117.1 –
            Procedure for Arraignment
          • 117.2 –
            Waiver of Arraignment
        • 118. Probable Cause Hearing
          • 118.1 –
            Summary and Overview
          • 118.2 –
            Probable Cause Hearing Procedures
        • 119. Discovery
          • 119.1 –
            Defendant’s Discovery Rights
          • 119.2 –
            State’s Discovery Rights
          • 119.3 –
            Obligations, Remedies, and Sanctions
        • 120. Nontestimonial Identification Orders
        • 121. Failure to Appear
          • 121.1 –
            FTA, OFA, and V/L
          • 121.2 –
            Reinstatement of a V/L Case
      • Before Trial
        • 130. Capacity to Proceed
          • 130.1 –
            Basic Requirements and Overview
          • 130.2 –
            Determining Capacity to Proceed
          • 130.3 –
            Next Steps After Capacity Evaluation
          • 130.4 –
            Suggested Questions for Mental Health Expert
        • 131. Suppression Motions
          • 131.1 –
            Content & Statutory Requirements
          • 131.2 –
            Hearing & Burden of Proof
          • 131.3 –
            Rulings & Appeals
        • 132. Joinder and Severance
          • 132.1 –
            Offenses and Defendants
          • 132.2 –
            Severance and Bruton Issues
        • 133. Guilty Pleas and Plea Agreements
          • 133.1 –
            Negotiation and Terms
          • 133.2 –
            Entry and Enforcement of Plea
          • 133.3 –
            Grants of Immunity
        • 134. Deferral and Discharge Agreements
          • 134.1 –
            General Offenses
          • 134.2 –
            Drugs and Specific Offenses
        • 135.1 Motions In Limine
        • 136. Speedy Trial Motions
          • 136.1 –
            Constitutional and Statutory Protections
          • 136.2 –
            Procedure, Hearings, Burden of Proof
          • 136.3 –
            Prisoners and Interstate Detainers
    • 200. Trial
      • Special Topics
        • 201. Alleging & Proving Prior Convictions
          • 201.1 –
            Pleadings and Types
          • 201.2 –
            Court Procedure and Proof
          • 201.3 –
            Punishment and Sentencing
        • 202.1 State’s Election of Offenses at Trial
        • 203.1 Recusal of Judge/Prosecutor
        • 204. Contempt
          • 204.1 –
            Which Type: Criminal or Civil?
          • 204.2 –
            Criminal Contempt
          • 204.3 –
            Civil Contempt
        • 205.1 Prosecuting a Business or Organization
      • Witnesses and Subpoenas
        • 210. Subpoena to Produce Documents
          • 210.1 –
            Contents and Basic Procedure
          • 210.2 –
            Out-of-State or Confidential Records
          • 210.3 –
            Objections & Compliance
        • 211. Securing Attendance of Witnesses
          • 211.1 –
            Generally
          • 211.2 –
            Out-of-State Witnesses
          • 211.3 –
            Defendants and Witnesses in Custody
        • 212.1 Sequestering a Witnesses
      • In Trial
        • 220.1 Recording Trial Proceedings
        • 221. Duties/Conduct of Trial Judge
          • 221.1 –
            Must Be Fair and Impartial
          • 221.2 –
            Control the Courtroom and Proceedings
        • 222. Defendant’s Rights in Court
          • 222.1 –
            Right to Be Present
          • 222.2 –
            Appear in Civilian Clothing, Free of Restraints
          • 222.3 –
            Right to Confront, Testify, Allocute
        • 223. Jury Selection
          • 223.1 –
            Right to Jury Trial, Waiver
          • 223.2 –
            Juror Qualifications
          • 223.3 –
            Voir Dire Scope and Topics
          • 223.4 –
            Challenges and Excusing Jurors
        • 224.1 Opening Statement
        • 225. Witness Examinations
          • 225.1 –
            Overview, Competency and Qualifications
          • 225.2 –
            Direct Examination of Witnesses
          • 225.3 –
            Special Topics and Issues
          • 225.4 –
            Cross-examination
        • 226.1 Rebuttal Evidence
        • 227.1 Motion to Dismiss: Insufficient Evidence
        • 228. Closing Argument to Jury
          • 228.1 –
            Procedure
          • 228.2 –
            Basic Guidelines, Correcting Errors
          • 228.3 –
            Permissible Topics
          • 228.4 –
            Impermissible Topics
        • 229. Custody of Evidence
          • 229.1 –
            During and After Trial
          • 229.2 –
            Disposition & Disposal of Evidence
      • Deliberation and Verdict
        • 240.1 Jury Instructions
        • 241. Jury Procedures
          • 241.1 –
            Jury Procedures During Trial
          • 241.2 –
            Juror Misconduct
        • 242. Jury Verdict
          • 242.1 –
            Requirements and Types
          • 242.2 –
            Unanimity, Inconsistency & Challenges
        • 243. Mistrial
          • 243.1 –
            Procedure and Effects
          • 243.2 –
            Grounds for Mistrial
    • 300. Sentencing
      • Basic Law/Rules
        • 301.1 Felony Sentencing
        • 302.1 Misdemeanor Sentencing
        • 303.1 DWI Sentencing
        • 304. Sentencing Issues
          • 304.1 –
            Fines, Costs, and Restitution
          • 304.2 –
            Sex Crimes
          • 304.3 –
            Multiple Convictions
          • 304.4 –
            Jail Credit and Sentence Reductions
          • 304.5 –
            Deferrals and Conditional Discharges
          • 304.6 –
            Work Release
          • 304.7 –
            Purposes of Sentencing
          • 304.8 –
            Obtaining Additional Information
        • 305.1 Probation
        • 306.1 Felony Sentencing Grids
        • 307.1 Misdemeanor Sentencing Grids
        • 308.1 DWI Punishment Charts
        • 309.1 Drug Trafficking
        • 310. Sentencing Appendices
          • 310.1 –
            Felony Offense Classification Table
          • 310.2 –
            Misdemeanor Offense Classification Table
          • 310.3 –
            Aggravating Factors
          • 310.4 –
            Mitigating Factors
          • 310.5 –
            Offenses Covered by CVRA
          • 310.6 –
            Crimes Requiring Sex Offender Registration
          • 310.7 –
            Place of Confinement
          • 310.8 –
            Special Sentencing Rules
      • Related Topics
        • 320.1 Conducting the Sentencing Hearing
        • 321.1 Sentencing Errors and Corrections
        • 322.1 Prayer for Judgment Continued
        • 323. Forfeiture of Property
          • 323.1 –
            Proceeds and Specific Offenses
          • 323.2 –
            Drug Offenses
          • 323.3 –
            Sample Motions and Orders
    • 400. Appeals & Relief
      • Appeals & Remands
        • 401.1 Defendant's Right to Appeal
        • 402.1 State's Right to Appeal
        • 403.1 Withdrawal, Remand, & Resentence
      • Other Relief
        • 410.1 Expunctions
        • 411.1 Motions for Appropriate Relief
        • 412.1 Habeas Corpus
        • 413.1 Innocence Commission
    • 500. Juvenile Prosecutions
      • Investigating & Charging
        • 501.1 Basic Concepts, Recent Changes to Laws
        • 502.1 Jurisdiction and Venue
        • 503.1 Authority Over Parent or Guardian
        • 504. Investigation
          • 504.1 –
            Juvenile Custody and Questioning
          • 504.2 –
            Juvenile Identification Procedures
        • 505. Complaints and Petitions
          • 505.1 –
            Complaint & Petition Process
          • 505.2 –
            Defects and Amendments
        • 506.1 Discovery in Juvenile Court
      • Hearings
        • 510.1 First Appearance
        • 511.1 Secure Custody Hearing
        • 512.1 Pretrial Motions & Continuances
        • 513.1 Probable Cause Hearing
        • 514.1 Transfer Hearing
        • 515.1 Admission or Adjudication
      • Disposition and Appeal
        • 520. Disposition
          • 520.1 –
            Calculating Disposition Level
          • 520.2 –
            Disposition Options
          • 520.3 –
            Disposition Hearing
          • 520.4 –
            Juvenile Probation
          • 520.5 –
            Commitment
          • 520.6 –
            Juvenile Sex Offender Registration
        • 521.1 Juvenile Appeals
        • 522.1 Interstate Compact For Juveniles
        • 523.1 Juvenile Records
    • 600. Expert Testimony
      • General Topics
        • 601.1 Reliability, Admissibility, and Daubert
        • 602. Procedure and Overview
          • 602.1 –
            Qualifications, Presentation, & Guidelines
          • 602.2 –
            Sample Questions: Generic
        • 603.1 Crawford, Substitute Analyst
      • Expert Testimony by Subject
        • Chemical
          • 610. Forensic Drug Analysis
            • 610.1 –
              Law & Issues
            • 610.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 611. Gunshot Residue Test
            • 611.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 611.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 612. HGN
            • 612.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 612.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 613. Retrograde Extrapolation
            • 613.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 613.2 –
              Suggested Questions
        • Medical
          • 620. Cause of Death/Autopsy
            • 620.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 620.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 621. DNA Evidence
            • 621.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 621.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 622. Hair Analysis
            • 622.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 622.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 623. Blood/Bodily Fluids Identification
            • 623.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 623.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 624. Bite Mark Analysis
            • 624.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 624.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 625.1 Blood Spatter Analysis
          • 626.1 Child Sexual Assault Exam
        • Physical
          • 640. Fingerprint Identification
            • 640.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 640.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 641. Footprints, Shoes & Tire Tracks
            • 641.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 641.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 642. Firearms/Tool Mark Identification
            • 642.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 642.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 643. Fiber Analysis
            • 643.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 643.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 644. Dog Tracking
            • 644.1 –
              Law and Issues
            • 644.2 –
              Suggested Questions
          • 645.1 Handwriting Analysis
          • 646.1 Fire/Arson Investigation
          • 647.1 Accident Reconstruction
        • Mental
          • 660.1 Use of Force, Self-Defense
          • 661.1 Crime and Criminal Practices
          • 662.1 Eyewitness Identification
          • 663.1 Polygraphs, Plethysmography, and Witness Credibility
          • 664.1 Repressed Memories and Hypnosis
    • 700. Evidence
      • Rules
        • 701. General Provisions [Rules 101 – 106]
          • 701.1 –
            Scope of the Rules [Rule 101]
          • 701.2 –
            Purpose and Construction [Rule 102]
          • 701.3 –
            Rulings on Evidence [Rule 103]
          • 701.4 –
            Preliminary Questions [Rule 104]
          • 701.5 –
            Limited Admissibility [Rule 105]
          • 701.6 –
            Rule of Completeness [Rule 106]
        • 702.1 Judicial Notice [Rule 201]
        • 703. Relevance and Prejudice [Rules 401 – 412]
          • 703.1 –
            Relevance & Admissibility [Rules 401, 402]
          • 703.2 –
            Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time [Rule 403]
          • 703.3 –
            Character Generally [Rule 404(a)]
          • 703.4 –
            Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts [Rule 404(b)]
          • 703.5 –
            Proving Character [Rule 405]
          • 703.6 –
            Habit or Routine Practice [Rule 406]
          • 703.7 –
            Plea Offers and Negotiations [Rule 410]
          • 703.8 –
            Victim's Past Sexual Behavior [Rule 412]
        • 704.1 Privileges [Rule 501]
        • 705. Witnesses and Testimony [Rules 601 – 615]
          • 705.1 –
            Competency of Witnesses [Rule 601]
          • 705.2 –
            Personal Knowledge [Rule 602]
          • 705.3 –
            Impeachment: General [Rule 607]
          • 705.4 –
            Impeachment: Character & Conduct [Rule 608]
          • 705.5 –
            Impeachment: Prior Conviction [Rule 609]
          • 705.6 –
            Impeachment: Religious Beliefs [Rule 610]
          • 705.7 –
            Mode and Order of Testimony [Rule 611]
          • 705.8 –
            Refreshing Recollection [Rule 612]
          • 705.9 –
            Prior Statements [Rule 613]
          • 705.10 –
            Questioning by the Court [Rule 614]
          • 705.11 –
            Exclusion of Witnesses [Rule 615]
        • 706. Expert Testimony/Opinions [Rules 701 – 706]
          • 706.1 –
            Lay Opinion [Rule 701]
          • 706.2 –
            Expert Testimony [Rule 702]
          • 706.3 –
            Basis of Opinion [Rule 703]
          • 706.4 –
            Ultimate Issue [Rule 704]
          • 706.5 –
            Underlying Facts/Data [Rule 705]
          • 706.6 –
            Court-Appointed Expert [Rule 706]
        • 707. Hearsay [Rules 801 – 806]
          • 707.1 –
            Hearsay: Definition & Admissibility [Rules 801, 802]
          • 707.2 –
            Admission of Party Opponent [Rule 801(d)]
          • 707.3 –
            Double Hearsay [Rule 805]
          • 707.4 –
            Declarant’s Credibility [Rule 806]
        • 708. Hearsay Exceptions [Rule 803]
          • 708.1 –
            Availability Immaterial [Rule 803]
          • 708.2 –
            Present Sense Impression [Rule 803(1)]
          • 708.3 –
            Excited Utterance [Rule 803(2)]
          • 708.4 –
            Mental/Physical Condition [Rule 803(3)]
          • 708.5 –
            Medical Diagnosis/Treatment [Rule 803(4)]
          • 708.6 –
            Recorded Recollection [Rule 803(5)]
          • 708.7 –
            Business Records [Rule 803(6)]
          • 708.8 –
            Absence of Records [Rule 803(7)]
          • 708.9 –
            Public Records [Rule 803(8)]
          • 708.10 –
            Commercial Publications [Rule 803(17)]
          • 708.11 –
            Learned Treatises [Rule 803(18)]
          • 708.12 –
            Reputation as to Character [Rule 803(21)]
          • 708.13 –
            “Other Exceptions” [Rule 803(9-23)]
        • 709. Hearsay Exceptions [Rule 804]
          • 709.1 –
            Declarant Unavailable [Rule 804(a)]
          • 709.2 –
            Former Testimony [Rule 804(b)(1)]
          • 709.3 –
            Dying Declaration [Rule 804(b)(2)]
          • 709.4 –
            Statement Against Interest [Rule 804(b)(3)]
          • 709.5 –
            Personal or Family History [Rule 804(b)(4)]
          • 709.6 –
            Residual Exceptions [Rules 803(24), 804(b)(5)]
        • 710. Authentication [Rules 901 – 903]
          • 710.1 –
            Requirements, Methods [Rule 901]
          • 710.2 –
            Self-Authentication [Rule 902]
          • 710.3 –
            Subscribing Witness Unnecessary [Rule 903]
        • 711. Contents of Writings [Rules 1001 – 1008]
          • 711.1 –
            Definitions [Rule 1001]
          • 711.2 –
            Requirement of Original [Rule 1002]
          • 711.3 –
            Admissibility of Duplicates [Rule 1003]
          • 711.4 –
            Other Evidence of Contents [Rule 1004]
          • 711.5 –
            Public Records [Rule 1005]
          • 711.6 –
            Summaries [Rule 1006]
          • 711.7 –
            Testimony/Admission of Party [Rule 1007]
          • 711.8 –
            Function of Court/Jury [Rule 1008]
        • 712.1 Applicability of Rules [Rule 1101]
      • Types
        • 721.1 Real Evidence: Non-fungible
        • 722.1 Real Evidence: Fungible
        • 723.1 Demonstrative Evidence
        • 724.1 Digital Evidence
        • 725.1 Photos and Videos
        • 726.1 Audio Recordings
        • 727.1 Maps and Diagrams
        • 728.1 Eyewitness Identification
        • 729.1 Voice Recognition
        • 730.1 “Opened the Door”
    • 800. Pattern Jury Instructions
    • 900. Arrest Warrant and Indictment Forms
  • Login
  • About
  • Resources
    • Smith’s Case Compendium
    • N.C. Court Opinions
    • AOC Court Forms
    • Pattern Jury Instructions
    • General Statutes
    • NC Criminal Law Blog
    • Court Calendars
    • Conference of District Attorneys
    • N.C. Attorney General
    • Superior Court Judges’ Benchbook
    • Indigent Defense Manual Series
    • NC Crimes
    • NC General Rules of Practice
  • NC Crimes
  1. Table of Contents
  2. 100. Pretrial
    1. Charging Process
      1. 101. Jurisdiction
        1. 101.1 –
          Jurisdiction: Territorial, Personal, & Subject Matter
        2. 101.2 –
          Challenges to Jurisdiction
        3. 101.3 –
          Jurisdiction of Officers and Judicial Officials
      2. 102. Venue
        1. 102.1 –
          Rules for Determining Venue
        2. 102.2 –
          Challenges and Motions to Change Venue
      3. 103. Criminal Pleadings
        1. 103.1 –
          Types of Criminal Pleadings
        2. 103.2 –
          Common Pleading Defects
        3. 103.3 –
          Larceny and RDO Pleading Defects
        4. 103.4 –
          Amending, Replacing or Recharging
      4. 104. Double Jeopardy
        1. 104.1 –
          Summary of the Law
        2. 104.2 –
          Punishment
        3. 104.3 –
          Mistrial, Retrial and Appeal
        4. 104.4 –
          Collateral Estoppel
        5. 104.5 –
          Ex Post Facto
      5. 105. Selective Prosecution
      6. 106. Grand Jury Proceedings
      7. 107. Victims' Rights
    2. Early Stages
      1. 110. Initial Appearance/First Appearance
        1. 110.1 –
          Overview and Summary
        2. 110.2 –
          Suggested Procedures
      2. 111. Right to Counsel
        1. 111.1 –
          Overview
        2. 111.2 –
          Suggestions for Handling Indigent Cases
        3. 111.3 –
          When Right to Counsel Applies
        4. 111.4 –
          Determining Indigency
        5. 111.5 –
          Experts/Resources for Indigent Defendants
        6. 111.6 –
          Limitations on the Right to Counsel
        7. 111.7 –
          Waiver/Forfeiture of Right to Counsel
      3. 112. Pretrial Release
        1. 112.1 –
          Eligibility and Conditions
        2. 112.2 –
          Modification and Revocation
      4. 113. Communicable Diseases
        1. 113.1 –
          Detaining and Testing Defendants
        2. 113.2 –
          Prosecuting Violations
      5. 114. Extradition
        1. 114.1 –
          Overview and Process
        2. 114.2 –
          Interstate Compact and Detainers
        3. 114.3 –
          Common Issues and Questions
      6. 115. Calendaring and Docketing Duties
      7. 116. Private Prosecutors
      8. 117. Arraignment
        1. 117.1 –
          Procedure for Arraignment
        2. 117.2 –
          Waiver of Arraignment
      9. 118. Probable Cause Hearing
        1. 118.1 –
          Summary and Overview
        2. 118.2 –
          Probable Cause Hearing Procedures
      10. 119. Discovery
        1. 119.1 –
          Defendant’s Discovery Rights
        2. 119.2 –
          State’s Discovery Rights
        3. 119.3 –
          Obligations, Remedies, and Sanctions
      11. 120. Nontestimonial Identification Orders
      12. 121. Failure to Appear
        1. 121.1 –
          FTA, OFA, and V/L
        2. 121.2 –
          Reinstatement of a V/L Case
    3. Before Trial
      1. 130. Capacity to Proceed
        1. 130.1 –
          Basic Requirements and Overview
        2. 130.2 –
          Determining Capacity to Proceed
        3. 130.3 –
          Next Steps After Capacity Evaluation
        4. 130.4 –
          Suggested Questions for Mental Health Expert
      2. 131. Suppression Motions
        1. 131.1 –
          Content & Statutory Requirements
        2. 131.2 –
          Hearing & Burden of Proof
        3. 131.3 –
          Rulings & Appeals
      3. 132. Joinder and Severance
        1. 132.1 –
          Offenses and Defendants
        2. 132.2 –
          Severance and Bruton Issues
      4. 133. Guilty Pleas and Plea Agreements
        1. 133.1 –
          Negotiation and Terms
        2. 133.2 –
          Entry and Enforcement of Plea
        3. 133.3 –
          Grants of Immunity
      5. 134. Deferral and Discharge Agreements
        1. 134.1 –
          General Offenses
        2. 134.2 –
          Drugs and Specific Offenses
      6. 135.1 Motions In Limine
      7. 136. Speedy Trial Motions
        1. 136.1 –
          Constitutional and Statutory Protections
        2. 136.2 –
          Procedure, Hearings, Burden of Proof
        3. 136.3 –
          Prisoners and Interstate Detainers
  3. 200. Trial
    1. Special Topics
      1. 201. Alleging & Proving Prior Convictions
        1. 201.1 –
          Pleadings and Types
        2. 201.2 –
          Court Procedure and Proof
        3. 201.3 –
          Punishment and Sentencing
      2. 202.1 State’s Election of Offenses at Trial
      3. 203.1 Recusal of Judge/Prosecutor
      4. 204. Contempt
        1. 204.1 –
          Which Type: Criminal or Civil?
        2. 204.2 –
          Criminal Contempt
        3. 204.3 –
          Civil Contempt
      5. 205.1 Prosecuting a Business or Organization
    2. Witnesses and Subpoenas
      1. 210. Subpoena to Produce Documents
        1. 210.1 –
          Contents and Basic Procedure
        2. 210.2 –
          Out-of-State or Confidential Records
        3. 210.3 –
          Objections & Compliance
      2. 211. Securing Attendance of Witnesses
        1. 211.1 –
          Generally
        2. 211.2 –
          Out-of-State Witnesses
        3. 211.3 –
          Defendants and Witnesses in Custody
      3. 212.1 Sequestering a Witnesses
    3. In Trial
      1. 220.1 Recording Trial Proceedings
      2. 221. Duties/Conduct of Trial Judge
        1. 221.1 –
          Must Be Fair and Impartial
        2. 221.2 –
          Control the Courtroom and Proceedings
      3. 222. Defendant’s Rights in Court
        1. 222.1 –
          Right to Be Present
        2. 222.2 –
          Appear in Civilian Clothing, Free of Restraints
        3. 222.3 –
          Right to Confront, Testify, Allocute
      4. 223. Jury Selection
        1. 223.1 –
          Right to Jury Trial, Waiver
        2. 223.2 –
          Juror Qualifications
        3. 223.3 –
          Voir Dire Scope and Topics
        4. 223.4 –
          Challenges and Excusing Jurors
      5. 224.1 Opening Statement
      6. 225. Witness Examinations
        1. 225.1 –
          Overview, Competency and Qualifications
        2. 225.2 –
          Direct Examination of Witnesses
        3. 225.3 –
          Special Topics and Issues
        4. 225.4 –
          Cross-examination
      7. 226.1 Rebuttal Evidence
      8. 227.1 Motion to Dismiss: Insufficient Evidence
      9. 228. Closing Argument to Jury
        1. 228.1 –
          Procedure
        2. 228.2 –
          Basic Guidelines, Correcting Errors
        3. 228.3 –
          Permissible Topics
        4. 228.4 –
          Impermissible Topics
      10. 229. Custody of Evidence
        1. 229.1 –
          During and After Trial
        2. 229.2 –
          Disposition & Disposal of Evidence
    4. Deliberation and Verdict
      1. 240.1 Jury Instructions
      2. 241. Jury Procedures
        1. 241.1 –
          Jury Procedures During Trial
        2. 241.2 –
          Juror Misconduct
      3. 242. Jury Verdict
        1. 242.1 –
          Requirements and Types
        2. 242.2 –
          Unanimity, Inconsistency & Challenges
      4. 243. Mistrial
        1. 243.1 –
          Procedure and Effects
        2. 243.2 –
          Grounds for Mistrial
  4. 300. Sentencing
    1. Basic Law/Rules
      1. 301.1 Felony Sentencing
      2. 302.1 Misdemeanor Sentencing
      3. 303.1 DWI Sentencing
      4. 304. Sentencing Issues
        1. 304.1 –
          Fines, Costs, and Restitution
        2. 304.2 –
          Sex Crimes
        3. 304.3 –
          Multiple Convictions
        4. 304.4 –
          Jail Credit and Sentence Reductions
        5. 304.5 –
          Deferrals and Conditional Discharges
        6. 304.6 –
          Work Release
        7. 304.7 –
          Purposes of Sentencing
        8. 304.8 –
          Obtaining Additional Information
      5. 305.1 Probation
      6. 306.1 Felony Sentencing Grids
      7. 307.1 Misdemeanor Sentencing Grids
      8. 308.1 DWI Punishment Charts
      9. 309.1 Drug Trafficking
      10. 310. Sentencing Appendices
        1. 310.1 –
          Felony Offense Classification Table
        2. 310.2 –
          Misdemeanor Offense Classification Table
        3. 310.3 –
          Aggravating Factors
        4. 310.4 –
          Mitigating Factors
        5. 310.5 –
          Offenses Covered by CVRA
        6. 310.6 –
          Crimes Requiring Sex Offender Registration
        7. 310.7 –
          Place of Confinement
        8. 310.8 –
          Special Sentencing Rules
    2. Related Topics
      1. 320.1 Conducting the Sentencing Hearing
      2. 321.1 Sentencing Errors and Corrections
      3. 322.1 Prayer for Judgment Continued
      4. 323. Forfeiture of Property
        1. 323.1 –
          Proceeds and Specific Offenses
        2. 323.2 –
          Drug Offenses
        3. 323.3 –
          Sample Motions and Orders
  5. 400. Appeals & Relief
    1. Appeals & Remands
      1. 401.1 Defendant's Right to Appeal
      2. 402.1 State's Right to Appeal
      3. 403.1 Withdrawal, Remand, & Resentence
    2. Other Relief
      1. 410.1 Expunctions
      2. 411.1 Motions for Appropriate Relief
      3. 412.1 Habeas Corpus
      4. 413.1 Innocence Commission
  6. 500. Juvenile Prosecutions
    1. Investigating & Charging
      1. 501.1 Basic Concepts, Recent Changes to Laws
      2. 502.1 Jurisdiction and Venue
      3. 503.1 Authority Over Parent or Guardian
      4. 504. Investigation
        1. 504.1 –
          Juvenile Custody and Questioning
        2. 504.2 –
          Juvenile Identification Procedures
      5. 505. Complaints and Petitions
        1. 505.1 –
          Complaint & Petition Process
        2. 505.2 –
          Defects and Amendments
      6. 506.1 Discovery in Juvenile Court
    2. Hearings
      1. 510.1 First Appearance
      2. 511.1 Secure Custody Hearing
      3. 512.1 Pretrial Motions & Continuances
      4. 513.1 Probable Cause Hearing
      5. 514.1 Transfer Hearing
      6. 515.1 Admission or Adjudication
    3. Disposition and Appeal
      1. 520. Disposition
        1. 520.1 –
          Calculating Disposition Level
        2. 520.2 –
          Disposition Options
        3. 520.3 –
          Disposition Hearing
        4. 520.4 –
          Juvenile Probation
        5. 520.5 –
          Commitment
        6. 520.6 –
          Juvenile Sex Offender Registration
      2. 521.1 Juvenile Appeals
      3. 522.1 Interstate Compact For Juveniles
      4. 523.1 Juvenile Records
  7. 600. Expert Testimony
    1. General Topics
      1. 601.1 Reliability, Admissibility, and Daubert
      2. 602. Procedure and Overview
        1. 602.1 –
          Qualifications, Presentation, & Guidelines
        2. 602.2 –
          Sample Questions: Generic
      3. 603.1 Crawford, Substitute Analyst
    2. Expert Testimony by Subject
      1. Chemical
        1. 610. Forensic Drug Analysis
          1. 610.1 –
            Law & Issues
          2. 610.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        2. 611. Gunshot Residue Test
          1. 611.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 611.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        3. 612. HGN
          1. 612.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 612.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        4. 613. Retrograde Extrapolation
          1. 613.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 613.2 –
            Suggested Questions
      2. Medical
        1. 620. Cause of Death/Autopsy
          1. 620.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 620.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        2. 621. DNA Evidence
          1. 621.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 621.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        3. 622. Hair Analysis
          1. 622.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 622.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        4. 623. Blood/Bodily Fluids Identification
          1. 623.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 623.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        5. 624. Bite Mark Analysis
          1. 624.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 624.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        6. 625.1 Blood Spatter Analysis
        7. 626.1 Child Sexual Assault Exam
      3. Physical
        1. 640. Fingerprint Identification
          1. 640.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 640.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        2. 641. Footprints, Shoes & Tire Tracks
          1. 641.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 641.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        3. 642. Firearms/Tool Mark Identification
          1. 642.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 642.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        4. 643. Fiber Analysis
          1. 643.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 643.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        5. 644. Dog Tracking
          1. 644.1 –
            Law and Issues
          2. 644.2 –
            Suggested Questions
        6. 645.1 Handwriting Analysis
        7. 646.1 Fire/Arson Investigation
        8. 647.1 Accident Reconstruction
      4. Mental
        1. 660.1 Use of Force, Self-Defense
        2. 661.1 Crime and Criminal Practices
        3. 662.1 Eyewitness Identification
        4. 663.1 Polygraphs, Plethysmography, and Witness Credibility
        5. 664.1 Repressed Memories and Hypnosis
  8. 700. Evidence
    1. Rules
      1. 701. General Provisions [Rules 101 – 106]
        1. 701.1 –
          Scope of the Rules [Rule 101]
        2. 701.2 –
          Purpose and Construction [Rule 102]
        3. 701.3 –
          Rulings on Evidence [Rule 103]
        4. 701.4 –
          Preliminary Questions [Rule 104]
        5. 701.5 –
          Limited Admissibility [Rule 105]
        6. 701.6 –
          Rule of Completeness [Rule 106]
      2. 702.1 Judicial Notice [Rule 201]
      3. 703. Relevance and Prejudice [Rules 401 – 412]
        1. 703.1 –
          Relevance & Admissibility [Rules 401, 402]
        2. 703.2 –
          Prejudice, Confusion, Waste of Time [Rule 403]
        3. 703.3 –
          Character Generally [Rule 404(a)]
        4. 703.4 –
          Other Crimes, Wrongs, or Acts [Rule 404(b)]
        5. 703.5 –
          Proving Character [Rule 405]
        6. 703.6 –
          Habit or Routine Practice [Rule 406]
        7. 703.7 –
          Plea Offers and Negotiations [Rule 410]
        8. 703.8 –
          Victim's Past Sexual Behavior [Rule 412]
      4. 704.1 Privileges [Rule 501]
      5. 705. Witnesses and Testimony [Rules 601 – 615]
        1. 705.1 –
          Competency of Witnesses [Rule 601]
        2. 705.2 –
          Personal Knowledge [Rule 602]
        3. 705.3 –
          Impeachment: General [Rule 607]
        4. 705.4 –
          Impeachment: Character & Conduct [Rule 608]
        5. 705.5 –
          Impeachment: Prior Conviction [Rule 609]
        6. 705.6 –
          Impeachment: Religious Beliefs [Rule 610]
        7. 705.7 –
          Mode and Order of Testimony [Rule 611]
        8. 705.8 –
          Refreshing Recollection [Rule 612]
        9. 705.9 –
          Prior Statements [Rule 613]
        10. 705.10 –
          Questioning by the Court [Rule 614]
        11. 705.11 –
          Exclusion of Witnesses [Rule 615]
      6. 706. Expert Testimony/Opinions [Rules 701 – 706]
        1. 706.1 –
          Lay Opinion [Rule 701]
        2. 706.2 –
          Expert Testimony [Rule 702]
        3. 706.3 –
          Basis of Opinion [Rule 703]
        4. 706.4 –
          Ultimate Issue [Rule 704]
        5. 706.5 –
          Underlying Facts/Data [Rule 705]
        6. 706.6 –
          Court-Appointed Expert [Rule 706]
      7. 707. Hearsay [Rules 801 – 806]
        1. 707.1 –
          Hearsay: Definition & Admissibility [Rules 801, 802]
        2. 707.2 –
          Admission of Party Opponent [Rule 801(d)]
        3. 707.3 –
          Double Hearsay [Rule 805]
        4. 707.4 –
          Declarant’s Credibility [Rule 806]
      8. 708. Hearsay Exceptions [Rule 803]
        1. 708.1 –
          Availability Immaterial [Rule 803]
        2. 708.2 –
          Present Sense Impression [Rule 803(1)]
        3. 708.3 –
          Excited Utterance [Rule 803(2)]
        4. 708.4 –
          Mental/Physical Condition [Rule 803(3)]
        5. 708.5 –
          Medical Diagnosis/Treatment [Rule 803(4)]
        6. 708.6 –
          Recorded Recollection [Rule 803(5)]
        7. 708.7 –
          Business Records [Rule 803(6)]
        8. 708.8 –
          Absence of Records [Rule 803(7)]
        9. 708.9 –
          Public Records [Rule 803(8)]
        10. 708.10 –
          Commercial Publications [Rule 803(17)]
        11. 708.11 –
          Learned Treatises [Rule 803(18)]
        12. 708.12 –
          Reputation as to Character [Rule 803(21)]
        13. 708.13 –
          “Other Exceptions” [Rule 803(9-23)]
      9. 709. Hearsay Exceptions [Rule 804]
        1. 709.1 –
          Declarant Unavailable [Rule 804(a)]
        2. 709.2 –
          Former Testimony [Rule 804(b)(1)]
        3. 709.3 –
          Dying Declaration [Rule 804(b)(2)]
        4. 709.4 –
          Statement Against Interest [Rule 804(b)(3)]
        5. 709.5 –
          Personal or Family History [Rule 804(b)(4)]
        6. 709.6 –
          Residual Exceptions [Rules 803(24), 804(b)(5)]
      10. 710. Authentication [Rules 901 – 903]
        1. 710.1 –
          Requirements, Methods [Rule 901]
        2. 710.2 –
          Self-Authentication [Rule 902]
        3. 710.3 –
          Subscribing Witness Unnecessary [Rule 903]
      11. 711. Contents of Writings [Rules 1001 – 1008]
        1. 711.1 –
          Definitions [Rule 1001]
        2. 711.2 –
          Requirement of Original [Rule 1002]
        3. 711.3 –
          Admissibility of Duplicates [Rule 1003]
        4. 711.4 –
          Other Evidence of Contents [Rule 1004]
        5. 711.5 –
          Public Records [Rule 1005]
        6. 711.6 –
          Summaries [Rule 1006]
        7. 711.7 –
          Testimony/Admission of Party [Rule 1007]
        8. 711.8 –
          Function of Court/Jury [Rule 1008]
      12. 712.1 Applicability of Rules [Rule 1101]
    2. Types
      1. 721.1 Real Evidence: Non-fungible
      2. 722.1 Real Evidence: Fungible
      3. 723.1 Demonstrative Evidence
      4. 724.1 Digital Evidence
      5. 725.1 Photos and Videos
      6. 726.1 Audio Recordings
      7. 727.1 Maps and Diagrams
      8. 728.1 Eyewitness Identification
      9. 729.1 Voice Recognition
      10. 730.1 “Opened the Door”
  9. 800. Pattern Jury Instructions
  10. 900. Arrest Warrant and Indictment Forms
  11. Printer Friendly Version
© 2025 UNC School of Government. All Rights Reserved.